从“传统”到“现代”:马克思主义视野下的现代悲剧理论

From 'Tradition' to 'Modernity':Modern Tragedy Theory from Marxism Perspective

悲剧问题是马克思主义美学中的一个重要问题领域。马克思以现实的革命运动为给养,在《致拉萨尔》的信中首次真正意义上提出了"现代悲剧"的理论概念——一种革命悲剧理论,从历史必然性的角度深刻地揭示了现代悲剧的本质内涵,不仅为悲剧研究开辟了崭新的理论视域,也对随后诸多西方马克思主义理论家的悲剧观念产生重要的影响。概括说来,在现代,"悲剧"已然成为一个与政治、与历史、与人们日常生活和情感经验都密切相关的广义文化概念,因而在对现代悲剧的研究中需要综合运用精神分析、审美人类学等理论方法,使美学研究切入到对社会现实问题的阐释与人的深层情感经验的表达,以更好地认识和改造世界。马克思主义现代悲剧理论也为反思中国现代悲剧问题提供了一个重要的理论契机。

‘Tragedy’is an important issue in Marxism Aesthetics.On the basis of the realistic revolutionary moves,Marx said a concept named‘Modern Tragedy’in‘A Letter to Lassalle’(1859),which is some kind of revolutionary tragedy theory in fact.Seeing from the point of historical necessity,Marx revealed the essence of modern tragedy profoundly,he not only opened a new theoretical perspective,but also influenced lots of Western Marxism theorists.In summary,‘Tragedy’has been a generalized cultural concept which is related to politics,history,people's daily life and feeling experience in modern times.Therefore,we should use diverse methods such as psychoanalysis and aesthetic anthropology synthetically to make aesthetic studies enter into the society problems and people's feeling experiences,to understand the world and change it in a better way.Moreover,the theories of Marxism modern tragedy also provide an important theoretical angle for the issue of Chinese modern tragedy.