清代里下河稻作模式商榷

Discussion on the Rice Cultivation in Lixiahe Area of the Qing Dynasty

现有研究对清代里下河地区的稻作情形存在一定的误读。通过对史料的梳理,本文认为,清代里下河地区并不存在以嘉庆为时限由双季稻向单季稻的转变过程,一直是早、中、晚搭配种植的单季稻形式,并有一定数量的稻麦复种。清代里下河水利局势的变动深刻影响了早、中、晚稻的种植比例:嘉、道年间确曾因为频发的水患大量改种早稻,比例一度高达七成上下,但在咸丰五年(1855)以后,伴随着水害的减轻又逐渐恢复到以中晚稻为主的种植模式,早稻占比仅两成左右。对里下河稻作情形的考察,有利于正确评估该地区各时段的稻产规模,藉以透视地区经济的变动情形。

There is some misreading in existing studies of rice cultivation in the Lixiahe area in the Qing Dynasty. Through the analysis of the historical materials, this paper finds that there is no such transformation from double-rice cropping to single cropping rice taking Jiaqing as the time limit in Lixiahe area of the Qing Dynasty, and it had always been the type of single crop- ping rice planted in a matching way of early rice, medium rice and late rice, with a certain number of rice-wheat multiple crop- ping. The change of water conservancy situation of the Lixiahe in the Qing Dynasty has a profound influence on the proportion of early, medium and late rice cultivation. It was true that there was lots of early rice whose proportion was as high as 70% because of frequent flooding during the period of the reign of the emperors Jiaqing and Daoguang. But after 1855, with the mitigation of water disaster, the main cultivation mode was resumed to medium and late rice, and the proportion of early rice was only about 20%. The analysis of rice production in the Lixiahe area may be conducive to assess the scale of the rice production in each period of the region correctly, and to examine the changes in the regional economy.