改烟植棉:近代陕西禁烟与作物替代

Changing Opium Planting into Cotton Cultivation:Opium-ban and Crop Substitution in Modern Shaanxi Province

农家作物种植选择,恒受社会经济环境的制约与影响。在近代陕西,鸦片种植有着丰厚的利益,是农家经济赖以维持的重要基础。同时,鸦片种植对当地社会经济各方面也产生了很大危害,各界遂多将改烟植棉作为解决禁烟后烟农生计的理想途径。由于受各种复杂因素影响,近代陕西烟棉种植间不断发生着此消彼长的变化,抗战前陕西农业产销环境的改善和政府禁烟植棉措施的有力推行,是当地鸦片种植面积得以减少的重要原因。近代陕西棉进烟退的事实,是以作物替代的方式来进行禁烟的较为成功的案例,加快了近代陕西由鸦片经济向棉业经济转变的步伐。

The choice of crops in farmhouses has been restricted and influenced by social and economic environments. In modern Shaanxi, opium cultivation had great profits and was an important foundation on which the peasant economy depended. At the same time, it also had a series of adverse effects on the local community. Therefore, people from all walks of life regarded changing opium planting into cotton cultivation as an ideal approach to solving the livelihood of farmers after the opium ban. Due to various complicated factors, there is a continuous cultivation shift between opium and cotton in modern Shaanxi. The improve- ment of agricultural environment and the vigorous implementation of a series of government measures are the important reasons for the reduction of opium cultivation in the area before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in Shaanxi. The fact that cotton cultivation was growing and opium cultivation was reduced in modern Shaanxi is a successful example to eliminate opium by means of crop substitution, which has promoted the transformation from the opium economy to cotton economy in modern Shaanxi.