环球分布的地下水灌溉系统:坎儿井的起源与扩散

Circumglobal Distribution of Groundwater Irrigation Systems:Origin and Diffusion of Qanat Technology

坎儿井作为一种古老的地下水灌溉系统,近环球分布在北纬15°至45°范围左右的干旱与半干旱地区,在世界农业史及水利史上具有广泛的影响力。至今约有三十多个国家或地区发现有坎儿井或类坎儿井,由于不同群体语言文化的差异,约有二十多个术语用以指称具有坎儿井功能的地下集水设施。在不同的历史背景下,坎儿井技术由起源地向周边扩散,形成不同的核心分布区,引起了各地社会、经济、生态与景观的变化,并随着新的历史契机在时空范围内进一步向周边扩散。

As an ancient underground irrigation system, qanat/karez had great influence on the world history of water conservafion and agriculture, which distributed at a latitude of about 15° to 45° of arid and semi-arid regions circumglobally. So far nearly 30 countries or regions have qanats. Due to the differences in language and culture among different groups, there are more than 20 terms referring to the underground water facilities. Under different historical backgrounds, qanat techniques have spread from the place of origin to the periphery, forming different core distribution areas, causing socio-economic, ecological and land- scape changes throughout the world, which further spread to the surroundings along with new historical opportunities.