作为首要道德机构的现代国家——涂尔干的“国家学说”释义

A Modern Country as a Primary Moral Institution——Paraphrasing Durkheim's Theory of the State

19世纪后期的西欧社会正处在"封建庄园-教会国家"向"自由市场-公民国家"转型的遽变与间隙期。为了摆脱彼时社会经济领域极度悲惨的状态,涂尔干尝试运用其"道德科学"的方法提出一套重建社会的系统方案以促进转型的进程,国家无疑是其系统重建方案的核心环节。涂尔干在《社会学教程》等著作中试以独特的社会学视角考察国家的演变历程,阐释国家作为社会持续在场物的道德本质,重新匡正国家与社会的关系,指出国家-社会的沟通广度与深度是衡量一个国家民主程度的真正尺度,据此检讨了大革命以来"民主法国"长期紊乱的思想与社会根源,认为应当建立以职业团体为中间单位的复合国家形态以规范政治与社会生活。

In the late 19th century, Western Europe was experiencing sudden changes and a transition from feudal manor - church state into free market - civil state. In order to break away from extreme misery in social economy, Durkheim put forward a set of systematic plans to rebuild the society based on his moral science, in which the state is undoubtedly the core link. In his Sociology Course and other works, by using unique sociological perspective, he examines the evolution of the state, expounds moral nature of the state as a social presence, ratifies the relation between the state and society, points out that the breadth and depth of the state - society communication is the real yardstick for the degree of democracy of a country, and accordingly, reviews the ideological and social roots of the long term disorder of the democratic France, holding that a complex form of the state should be established with professional associations as intermediate units to regulate political and social life.