广西环江移民迁入区生态移民的环境影响研究

Environment Impacts of Eco-migration in Guangxi Immigrate Area

生态移民在改善移民迁出区资源环境配置格局的同时,势必会给迁入区生态系统带来压力。农户作为生态移民政策最主要的经济活动主体和决策主体,是影响生态环境的最重要单元。科学测度农户对环境的影响,并找出缓解生态压力的对策,对移民迁入区人地协调发展至关重要。本研究基于移民迁入区广西金桥村18个屯的入户调研数据,运用生态足迹模型和"STIRPAT"模型,对影响研究区生态环境变化的农户微观经济行为特征进行辨识。结果表明:由于大量移民的迁入,移民迁入区的土地生态承载力处于较低水平,生态移民政策的实施对移民迁入区生态环境的可持续性产生了负面影响;研究区人均生态赤字严重,尤其是耕地和林地面临的压力较大;与移民农户相比,当地驻民的经济行为对生态环境的负面影响更大;家庭人口规模、土地资源拥有量、农业收入及消费水平的提高会加重环境压力,户主受教育年限、非农业收入和非农业劳动比重的提高有助于生态环境改善;合理布局产业结构、优化土地利用结构、促进农户生计转型和生计多样化是缓解环境压力的重要举措。

Eco-migration optimizes the allocation patterns of resources and environment in immigration area,however it also poses ecological pressure on the eco-environment. As the principal bodies of economic activity and decision-making for eco-migration project,the farmer households are key players in shaping the eco-environment.Therefore,it is very important to scientifically evaluate the impacts of farmer households on environment and figure out countermeasures to alleviate environment pressure for realizing coordinated development of human-land relationship in immigration area. In this study,the micro-economic behaviors of farmer households that affect ecoenvironment were characterized by incorporating a survey data set into models of ecological footprint and STIRPAT.The data were collected at 18 sites of Jinqiao Village,an immigaraton region of Guanxi,by Participatory Rural Appraisal（ PRA） method. The results indicated that the ecological capacity of land was at lower level due to a large number of immigrants,suggesting the implementation of the eco-migration project resulted in negative effects on the sustainability of the eco-environment. There were severe ecological deficit per capita,particularly the cropland and forestland faced greater ecological stress in the study area. The economic behaviors of local residents contributed more negative impacts to the eco-environment comparing with that of immigrants. The increases in family size,land quantity,agricultural income and consumption would increase pressures on the environment,while the increases in householder＇s education level,non-agricultural income and non-rural labor proportion could facilitate to improve the eco-environment. Our study implied that rationally distributing industrial structure,optimizing land use structure,promoting livelihood transformation and diversification were critical moves for the sustainability of eco-migration project in the future.