考察吐蕃时代社会文化“底色”的三个重要维度

On Three Important Dimensions of the “Base Color” of Social Culture During the Tubo Period

吐蕃王朝是中古时期在青藏高原建立的一个强大的地方性政权,由于其所处地理位置与南亚、中亚和东亚三大文明区域相毗邻,所以吐蕃文化体系的构建过程,从一开始便具有强烈的多元色彩,尤其是从南亚古代印度佛教文化和唐代中原文化吸取了大量养分,形成独具特色的吐蕃文化面貌。但是,吐蕃文化色彩的丰富多元并不能掩蔽其"底色"的坚稳性。吐蕃民族在哲学、宗教和思想文化各个方面最具时代特征的要素,都与唐代中央王朝有着密不可分的联系。纵观吐蕃王朝时代思想文化潮流的演变轨迹,可以清晰的看到,无论从上层精英还是到下层民众,都始终以仰慕和追随唐代文化为时尚,通过一次次的认知与选择,最终经过改造、整合,形成了吐蕃思想文化的根基与"底色"。敦煌文献中所见汉地儒学思想的影响、吐蕃佛教与汉地佛教的关系、汉地阴阳风水输入吐蕃及其产生的影响,成为吐蕃文化"底色"形成及其表征的三个重要维度,清晰地呈现出吐蕃文化最为核心层理的内涵及其与中原文明之间的关系。

The Tubo dynasty was a powerful regional regime in the Qinghai--Tibetan Plateau es- tablished in the medieval period. As Tubo was adjacent to the three great civilizations of South Asia, Central Asia and East Asia, its cultural system was multifarious from the very start of its construction. A great number of elements from ancient Indian Buddhist culture in South Asia and Chinese Central Plain culture in the Tang Dynasty in particular contributed to the distinctive features of the Tubo cul- ture. But, the diversity of the Tubo culture cannot fade its fast ＂ base color＂. All those key elements characteristic of the Tubo philosophy, religion, ideology and culture were inseparably related to the Tang Dynasty. A close look at the evolution of the ideological and cultural trends of the Tubo period clearly shows that both the elite and the commoners admired and followed the Tang culture persistently. After repeated cognition and selection, the Tubo dynasty eventually transformed and integrated its manifold culture, establishing the foundation or the ＂ base color＂ of its ideology and culture. Aiming at explicating the core connotations of the Tubo culture and its relationship with the Central Plain civiliza- tion, this paper re--examines the formation of its ＂base color＂ and its features from three dimensions, i. e. the influence of Confucianism observed in Dunhuang texts, the relationship between Buddhism in the Tubo period and the Chinese Buddhism, the introduction of yin--yang and feng shul into Tubo and its impacts.