预防性监护监督制度的构建——基于社会正义与制度成本的均衡考量

Research on the Preventive Guardian and Supervision System——On the Equilibrium of Social Justice and Institutional Cost

监护监督制度的设置，是中国社会变迁引发的制度需求。《民法总则》第36条完善了救济性监护监督制度，较以往立法有重大进步。未来“民法典·婚姻家庭编”应落实预防性监护监督制度，以构建完备的监护监督体系。在制度构建中，须遵循“必要性”原则，应均衡考量社会正义和制度成本。父母、（外）祖父母、民政部门担任监护人时，无需设置监督人。其他人担任监护人时，根据遗嘱或委托协议确定监督人；无遗嘱或委托协议的，由与被监护人有最近血缘关系的近亲属担任监护监督人。有关部门指定监护人的，应同时指定监护监督人。民政部门走访制度是一项较为可取的公力监督措施。

The establishment of the guardian and supervision system is the institutional requirement of social change in China. Article 36 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law makes great progress in legislation by improving relieving guardian and supervision. Preventive guardian and supervision should be stipulated in the future Marriage and Family Part of the Civil Code so as to establish a complete supervision. In institutional construction, the principle of ＂necessity＂ must be followed, while social justice and institutional costs should be balanced. When the parents, grandparents and civil affairs departments act as guardians, there is no need to choose and appoint a guardianship supervisor. When other people act as guardians, we should determine the guardianship supervisor according to the will or trust agreement. Where there is no will or trust agreement, the guardianship supervisor should be the person who is most closely related to the ward. In case of a designated guardian by relevant department, the guardian supervisor shall be appointed at the same time. Inspection tour made by civil affairs department is an advisable public power supervision measure.