苏维埃社会主义法系的兴衰

Rise and Fall of Soviet Socialist Legal System

一百年前俄国“十月革命”的结果是建立了与资本主义社会完全不同的社会主义国家，并在废除一切旧法之后建立了新的苏维埃社会主义法律体系；随着第二次世界大战之后其他社会主义国家的加入，最后形成以苏联法为核心的“苏维埃社会主义法系”，在世界范围内产生巨大影响。苏维埃社会主义法以马克思主义学说为意识形态理论，并指导社会实践；共产党作为国家政权的领导核心为国家根本法所确认，党的意志对于法律规范的形成具有决定性作用；财产公有制使得传统私法的意义大为降低，公法作用增强。社会主义法的这些基本特征在其他社会主义国家都有体现。苏联法经过了无产阶级的法、社会主义国家的法和全民法三个时代，并随着苏联于20世纪90年代初的突然解体而消亡。其深刻的教训在于：法律的价值在于追求公正，而非特权的确认；法律不仅仅具有教育广大人民群众的作用，还应具体落实法律文本中的规定；法律文本与现实的巨大差距导致了苏联的解体和苏维埃社会主义制度的崩溃以及苏维埃社会主义法系的消亡。

One hundred years ago the results of the October Revolution in Russia were the establish- ment of a socialist country completely different from capitalist society and the establishment of a new socialist legal system of Soviets after the abolition of all old laws. With the accession of other socialist countries after World War II, the final formation of the Soviet Socialist Legal System with the Soviet Union as the core has a tremendous impact on a worldwide scale. The Soviet Socialist Law takes the Marxist doctrine as the ideo- logical theory and guides the social practice. The Communist Party as the leading core of the state power is confirmed by the state fundamental law, and the will of the party plays a decisive role in the formation of le- gal norms. The public ownership of property makes the meaning of the traditional private law greatly re- duced while the role of public law enhanced. These basic characteristics of the socialist law are reflected in other socialist countries. The Soviet Law went through three periods： the proletarian law, the socialist state law and the universal law, then it vanished with the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. The profound lesson is the value of law lies in the pursuit of fairness, not the confirmation of privilege ; the law not only has the function of educating the broad masses of the people, but also concretely implements the provisions in legal texts ; the huge gap between legal texts and reality leads to the dissolution of Soviet U- nion and Soviet Socialist System and the demise of Soviet Socialist Law.