弘化寺与张氏家族:河湟地区民族交融的一个历史缩影

Honghua Temple and Zhang's Family: A Historical Epitome of Ethnic Integration in Hehuang District

弘化寺是明清时甘青两地最大的藏传佛教格鲁派寺院之一,为明朝政府所敕建。弘化寺作为茶马互市、领民治众的"中马番族"或藏传佛教寺院"寺族",之前研究都认为主持弘化寺政教两权的张氏家族为藏人,但张氏家谱和口传记忆却是蒙古人。正因为张氏家族番化蒙古人的特殊身份,弘化寺成为明代沟通格鲁派与明廷、格鲁派与蒙古部落的重要中介。清代,弘化寺不再是边地,"中马制度"也被终结,清中期后弘化寺族和张氏家族逐步汉化,如今主要的民族身份是汉族和回族。张氏家族或弘化寺族的民族演变史,乃是中华各民族不断交流交融的历史缩影。

Honghua Temple,built by the government of the Ming Dynasty,is one of the biggest temples of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism in Gansu and Qinghai in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Regarding it as a family temple of Tibetan Buddhism or horse-raising Tibetans in the tea horse trade,previous studies all hold that Zhang＇ s family members who presided over the political and religious power of the temple were Tibetans,while according to Zhang family ＇ s genealogy and oral memory,they were Mongolians. Due to the special identity of being Mongols,the temple and Zhang ＇ s family acted as an importance communication medium between the Gelug Sect and the Ming court as well as between the Gelug Sect and Mongolian tribes. In the Qing Dynasty,when the temple＇ s location was no longer the borderland and the system of horse administration came to an end,the temple and Zhang＇ s family gradually became sinizationalized after the mid Qing Dynasty. Today,Zhang＇ s family members or the family of the temple are mainly Han and Hui people. The evolution history of their ethnicity is a historical epitome of the constant communication and blending of all ethnic groups in China.