心态史视角下宋代的女主政治——以北宋刘太后为中心

A Research on Song Dynasty's Politics of Female Master under the Angle of Psychohistory——Based on Empress Liu in Northern Song Dynasty

北宋刘太后是宋代执政时间最长的女主,她在仁宗朝的政治作为,甚至让当时一些士大夫误认为其会成为第二位武则天。然而,在她垂帘听政期间,不但没有颠覆皇室,还对赵氏族人多有恩遇,并尽心培养教育宋仁宗,于赵氏实有大功。尽管刘太后与武氏确有许多相似之处,但早年的成长经历和她与真宗长期深厚的感情,使她的统治心态不同于武氏,并没有取赵宋而代之的野心。诚然,刘太后并非不迷恋权力,她更倾向于同时代辽国太后萧绰的做法:一方面保育皇帝,另一方面又通过控制皇帝来操控皇权。到了晚年,刘太后的统治心态也发生了重大变化,朝臣只看到她不断膨胀的权力欲,但却未观察到其内心惶恐不安。天圣九年,与刘太后有相似经历的辽国齐天皇后萧氏惨受迫害,这让她更加恐惧失去权力,害怕重蹈齐天皇后之覆辙。这种心态,在她与大臣之间有关还政的博弈上,以及在仁宗生母李宸妃的丧葬安排上都体现得淋漓尽致。

Political practices of Empress Liu of Song Zhenzong, as a female master who ruled a longest time in Song Dynasty, had made some contemporary scholar-officials misunderstand her to become the second Wu Zetian who was the only female emperor in traditional China. However, she did not overturn the royal family of Zhao in her reign; what＇s more, she even cherished and obliged to Zhaos, and elaborately cultivated Renzong, the real emperor under her control, leading him to be a benevolent monarch. Though there were so many similarities between Empress Liu and Wu Zetian, her early life experience was quite different from the latter, so as her ruling mentality. The long and deep affection was one of the reasons why she did not superseded the Zhao Family. Of course, she also indulged in the magic of power, but she was inclined to the practices of contemporary Xiao Zhuo, the empress dowager of Khitan, protecting and educating the emperor on one hand, and controlling the emperor in order to control the supreme power on the other hand. By winter years, the ruling mentality of Empress Liu had a prominent change. In eyes of officials, she grew a greater wish for power, but no one could understand her dread feeling in her mind. In 1031, the newly widowed Empress Xiao in Khitan, a woman shared a similar experience with her in mother-son relationship, was persecuted, which made Liu more fear to lose power, in fear that the secret that Renzong was not her biological son would be released, and thus she might also followed the same road of Empress Xiao. This kind of mentality was reflected on the game between she and officials about the problem of returning power to the emperor, as well as the burial of Consort Li, the biological mother of Renzong.