先秦儒家忧患意识演变的逻辑

Interpretation of Legitimacy:The Evolutionary Logic of the Pre-Qin Confucian Sense of Anxiety

儒家的忧患意识所忧的对象包括天下民生与统治权力两个方面,二者相互交织,但从发生学的意义上看,忧虑统治权力比忧虑天下民生具有先在性。从权力的合法性视角看,先秦儒家忧患意识的发展有一个从忧天命、忧"道""德"到忧民心的过程,与此相对应,化解合法性危机的对策则表现为从以德配天命到德治、仁政的变化。在先秦忧患意识的演变中,民意不仅始终是影响权力合法性的因素,而且其对权力合法性的影响呈现出愈益增强,以至于成为决定性力量的特点。合法性的根据从天命向人、从人向民的转变在于社会变革的力量。对天下民生的关注与对统治权力的反思戒惧在忧患意识中是一种共时态关系,二者共同构成人的社会历史担当的相互支持的两个方面。

The objects that the Confucian sense of hardship and anxiety concerns include two inter- twined aspects, namely, people＇s livelihood and ruling power. Yet in the sense of occurrence, com- pared with the concern for people＇s livelihood, the anxiety of ruling power possesses congenitalness. From the perspective of legitimacy of power, the development of the sense of hardship of Pre-Qin Confucianismundergoes a process from concerns for destiny, ＂morality＂ and ＂virtue＂ to public sup- port. The corresponding countermeasures to resolve the crisis of legitimacy display the change from the virtue tied in destiny, the rule of virtue to the policy of benevolence. In the evolution of the Pre- Qin sense of hardship, public opinion has not only remained a factor affecting the legitimacy of pow- er but also exerted an ever increasing influence to the extent of becoming the decisive power. The transition of legitimacy＇s basis from the destiny to the people lies in the power of social reform. The attention of people＇s livelihood and the reflection of ruling power is a kind of synchronic relationship in the sense of hardship, and their concurrence constitutes two mutually-supportive aspects of the human social history accountability.