水痘流行病特征及疫苗的研究进展

Advances in epidemiological characteristics and vaccine of varicella

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)引起的一种多发、常见性传染病,临床上以发热、全身不适、食欲不振、1~2 d内出现皮疹为临床表现,重症水痘可发生水痘肺炎、水痘脑炎、水痘肝炎等多种并发症。水痘在冬春季高发,可以通过飞沫、直接接触等途径进行传播,幼托儿童及学生是高发人群,极易引起范围性感染的暴发,因此水痘的预防受到社会高度关注。疫苗接种是降低传染病流行和暴发最经济、最有效的方法。目前陆续有城市把水痘疫苗纳入扩大免疫范围内,对儿童实现了更好的预防保护。因此本文就水痘的流行特征、疫苗研发及使用等方面进行综述。

Objective Varicella caused by Varicella-zoster virus（VZV）, is one of a multiple and common infection diseases. The patients usually have the symptom with fever, general malaise, loss of appetite, a skin rash in 1-2 days, and sever varicella is even accompanied with pneumonia, encephalitis and hepatitis and so on. Varicella is common in spring and winter, which can be spread by droplets and direct contact and other means. The nursery children and students are high infection rate, which are easily lead to outbreak of widespread infection, so the prevention of varicella is highly concerned in society. Vaccination is the most economical and most efficient way to reduce the epidemic and outbreaks of infectious diseases. At present,in some cities, varicella vaccine has been included in the expanded immunization programmes, to achieve better prevention and protection for children. In this paper, the epidemic characteristics, vaccine development and use and so on of varicella are reviewed.