考古出土炭化大豆的鉴定标准和方法

The Identification Standards and Methods of the Carbonized Soybean in Archaeological Excavations

考古遗址出土的大豆遗存主要是炭化的大豆粒。本文通过对现生大豆标本形态特征的观察、大豆粒的炭化实验、鱼化寨等重点考古遗址出土炭化大豆的检验,建立了科学的考古出土炭化大豆遗存的鉴定标准和方法,依据豆粒、种皮、子叶(豆瓣)和尺寸四个方面的特征及变化,准确鉴定考古遗址出土大豆遗存。本研究发现,判别考古遗址出土的栽培大豆与野大豆,种皮的特征及其被炭化后的变化最为有效,其次是子叶的特征及变化。而豆粒的尺寸大小仅具参考价值。

The soybean remains found in archaeological sites are mainly charred beans. This article attempts to estab- lish the identification criteria for domesticated soybean and wild soybean, through the observation of the morphological characteristics of the modem specimens of soybean, the experiments of carbonization of specimens of soybean, and the exanunation of charred soybeans unearthed from the archaeological sites. The identification criteria include the charac- teristics of seed coat and cotyledons, as well as the size of beans. The results suggest that in order to distinguish do- mesticated soybean from wild soybean, the changes of seed coat after carbonization are the most useful criteria, fol- lowed by the changes of cotyledons after carbonization. While the size of beans is not reliable criteria and has only a reffrence value.