一件在历史上被忽视的东方乐器——丝绸之路上的水平式角型竖琴研究

An Eastern Musical Instrument Ignored in Chinese Music History:Transverse Angular Harp on Silk Road

水平式的角型竖琴较为独特,以往中国学界几乎未曾对此类乐器有过关注。但其在早期西亚地区却自始至终有着广泛的运用,并多使用在列队、行军中,具有一定的"指挥"作用。波斯萨珊王朝的此类乐器形制已经较美索不达米亚有了一定的变化,但是系弦于横梁、演奏时共鸣箱平置于底部、用棒状拨子演奏等特点仍然保持了下来,而其应该也与后世的中亚巴泽雷克、中国新疆且末等地所发现的"皮囊腔"形直角竖琴实物有着一定的亲缘关系。此类乐器属于哪一种箜篌乐器的类别?具有怎样的形制、样式、功能?又在东西交流中存在着怎样的传播和流变呢?这些都将是本文所要重点讨论的问题。

Transverse angular harp has been ignored by the Chinese music academia.However it was widely spread in the early Western Asia for the occasions such as procession and marching,to some extent like a"commanding"instrument.In Persian Sāsānian dynasty,compared with the Mesopotamian times prior to it,the instrument had some changes in its make,but such features retained,e.g.itsstrings attached to the cross beam,the resonating box at the bottom,the bar-like plectrums.This harp must bear some kinships with the later pazyrykin Central Asiaand the angular harp with skin bags in Xinjiang.But what kind of konghoucan this harp be attributed?What make,style and function did it possess?How was it transmitted and changed in its eastward journey on the Silk Road?All of the above will be tackled in this essay.