土壤生态系统微生物多样性技术研究进展

A Review on Technique Progresses of Microbial Diversity in Soil Ecosystem

土壤微生物多样性主要研究土壤环境中微生物种群的类别、丰度、分布、结构变化及微生物群落功能的多样性,是土壤生物多样性研究的主体部分。19世纪末,传统的微生物分离培养方法应用于土壤微生物多样性解析。至20世纪70年代,建立了以磷脂脂肪酸图谱分析法（PLFA）和BIOLOG微量分析法为代表的对土壤微生物群落多样性评价的生物化学方法。20世纪90年代后期,随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,建立了变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）、末端限制性片段长度多样性（TRFLP）、克隆文库和高通量测序等土壤微生物多样性研究方法。本文综述了土壤微生物多样性研究技术的原理、进展,并对不同技术的优缺点及应用进行探讨,并对相关领域研究提出思考。

As the principle part of soil biodiversity,the study of soil microbial diversity is mainly focusing on the categories,abundances,distributions and diversities of microbial community reflecting the diversity of soil microbial communities. At the end of the19 th Century,the conventional microbial cultivation methods were applied in the analysis of soil microbial diversity. Then,the biochemical methods,represented by PLFA（ phospholipid fatty acid） analysis and BIOLOG microanalysis,were used for the evaluation of soil microbial community diversity. With the rapid development of molecular biology technologies in subsequent decades,related research methods such as denatured gradient gel electrophoresis（ DGGE）,terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism（ TRFLP）,cloning library and high-throughput sequencing were widely employed in research of soil microbial diversity. This paper reviews the literature on the soil microbial diversity research technology,including the principles and developments. The advantages and disadvantages of different technologies were compared and their application fields were also summarized. The research fields of soil biodiversity warranting further attentions were also discussed.