史“义”考略——试论中国古代史学中“史义”概念的流传及表现

A Brief Textual Research of the Historical “Meaning”:A Discussion of the Spread and Manifestation of the Concept “Historical Meaning” in Ancient Chinese Historiography

"史义"是中国古代史学用以表达历史思想的一个具有代表性的概念。春秋战国时期,初次提出《春秋》有"义";汉代史学援借《春秋》之义,但又各具"旨趣";三国两晋南北朝时期,《春秋》之"义"遇冷,史义另辟蹊径;隋唐时期,主要是对盛衰兴亡进行总结,后来则要求重建《春秋》之"义";宋元明时期的主流是以"理"审视历代史义;清代在史义方面呈现出朴实与圆通两端。在这个历史过程中,变中有不变,《春秋》之"义"始终是中国古代史学的首要之义。

"Historical meaning"is a representative concept in ancient Chinese historiography to express historical thought.In the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period,it was proposed that there contained"meaning"in the Spring and Autumn Annals for the first time;the historiography in the Han Dynasty borrowed the"meaning"in the Spring and Autumn Annals yet held respective purport at the same time;in the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Northern and Southern Dynasties,the"meaning"in the Spring and Autumn Annals went cold,and historical meaning was interpreted in another way;the historiography in the Sui-Tang period mainly aimed at summarizing the rise and fall of former dynasties,and demanded reconstruction of the"meaning"in the Spring and Autumn Annals in the latter phase;the mainstream in the Song,Yuan,and Ming Dynasties was examining the historical meaning in the past dynasties with"rationality";and the hisorical meaning in the Qing Dynasty presented two approaches of the plain one and the flexible one.In this historical course,the"meaning"in the Spring and Autumn Annals had always been the primary meaning of Chinese historiography.