言者依据和预期信息——谈“吧”的两个语用功能及其形式特征

On Pragmatic Functions and Formal Verification of Ba

目前,关于语气词"吧"的意义、功能有近二十种不同解释,研究成果非常丰富。但是受到语料来源和性质的限制,我们对"吧"的掌握还不够全面。"吧"在疑问句中并非都有求证性或征询性,在陈述句中也不一定有揣测性,前面的命题信息也未必都是"未定"态。在遵循形式意义相互验证的基础上,本文结合有无对比、语义模型构建、话语标记测试等验证形式,从命题的信息取向、信息状态、语篇结构、话语类型等方面,揭示出当且仅当命题信息为"既定"态时,"吧"还有两种语用功能:一是共享示证,用来表示言者依据;二是提示言者合预期信息,表示言语事件的结果与交际主体所预想的潜势一致。

At present, nearly 20 different meanings have been identified for the sentence-final particle ba（吧）. But due to the limitations of the corpora, a comprehensive analysis is still lacking. It is pointed out that ba is not always used for the confirmatory function in the interrogative sentence and or the speculative funtion in the declarative sentence. And the propositional information stated may not all be indeterminate. Based on formal verification, this paper combines a few verification forms such as the with vs. without contrast, semantic model construction and discourse marker testing to reveal two kinds of important pragmatic functions of particle ba, that is used when and only when the propositional information is determined, one is Evidentiality-shared, which delivers the evidence of speaker; and the other indicates the Expectation information which expresses the consistency between the speech-event result and what the participants have preconceived.