甲骨文、殷礼与商代外服的命名

Naming of Shang Feudal Lords Based on the Oracle-bone Inscriptions and Yin Rituals

学术界以往的研究多将商代外服侯、田、男、卫、邦伯视为诸侯,并在此基础上探讨各类诸侯起源问题,但对商代外服的命名途径关注不多。中国早期国家官僚的职事与礼俗密切相关,商代外服职官仍保留着职事产生时与礼俗相关的原始特点。在近年甲骨文及殷礼研究取得较大进展的学术背景下,考察甲骨文及殷礼,探讨商代外服的命名成为可能。综合既往关于商代外服的研究成果,可以推考记载外服史迹的相关卜辞,并确认外服必须由商王任命,以及外服的命名可能与殷商礼俗有关的情况,如外服侯命名于射礼,外服田命名于田猎之礼,外服男命名于耤田礼,外服卫命名于守卫"堂"的礼俗,外服伯命名于族邦首领称谓习俗。通过对商代外服命名的考察,分析从原始礼俗到国家职事以及官僚制度、诸侯制度的转化,为研究中国早期国家起源、官僚制度以及管理等相关问题提供了新思路。

In the previous research, the Feudal Lords including Hou, Tian, Nan, Wei and BangBo were collectively considered as various Marquises on the origin of various Marquises but few attention was paid to the naming methods of Shang Feudal Lords by the academic circle. As the bureaucratic duty was closely related to etiquette and custom in early China, the original characteristics of officials still remained in the Shang dynasty. On the basis of the achievement made in the research on the oracle- bone inscriptions and Yin rituals in recent years, it is possible to make a research on the naming of Shang Feudal Lords. Reviewing the previous research on Shang Feudal Lords, it can be inferred that the Feudal Lords must be appointed by the Shang King from the relevant oracles inscription recording the history of the Feudal Lords. It also can be concluded that the naming of the Feudal Lords was possibly related to Yin rituals. For example, the lord termed hou, tian, nan, ~ and b0 might be separately derived from the ceremony of shooting, hunting, farming and defending ＂Tang＂ along with the appellation custom of the chief in the states. The analysis of the naming of the Feudal Lords and the evolution from primitive rituals to state officials, bureaucracy and Marquises system can provide a new approach to the study on national origin, bureaucracy and administration of early China.