论非法证据排除规则有效适用的三个要素——以侦查追诉阶段排除非法证据为视角

Three Essential Factors in the Effective Implementation of Exclusionary Rules:From the Perspective of Excluding Illegally Obtained Evidence in the Investigation Stage

问题导向、控诉原则、自由裁量是对于非法证据排除规则有效适用不可或缺的三个要素。我国刑事诉讼法采用的公检法三机关在各自诉讼阶段分别承担排除非法证据义务的方案,在上述三要素上存在缺失。由此导致的后果是:一方面,我国非法证据排除规则的发展被局限在排除刑讯口供这一较初级的层面上裹足不前;另一方面,即使就刑讯所获口供的排除而言,此种方案亦难有实质效果。从刑事诉讼构造角度来看,现行法贯彻的适用方案沿袭了传统"流水作业"的诉讼模式,而具备前述三要素的方案,则是一种"以审判为中心"的模式。非法证据排除规则惟有在"以审判为中心"的模式之下,才能得到严格适用。

Problem-orientation, the principle of accusation and discretion are three essential factors inthe effective implementation of exclusionary rules. Chinese criminal procedural law adopts such approachthat the public security unit, procuratorate and court are in charge of the exclusion of illegally obtained evi-dence separately in different stages of criminal proceedings, which has shortage in the above three factors.Therefore, on one hand, the development of Chinese exclusionary rules is strictly limited to the elementarylevel, i.e. the exclusion of confession by torture; on the other hand, such approach cannot achieve goodpractical effects even in terms of exclusion of confession by torture. From the perspective of the structure ofcriminal proceedings, the scheme adopted by the current Chinese criminal procedural law continues the tra-ditional proceeding mode of an assembly line. However, the approach with the aforesaid three factors is atrial-centered mode. The exclusionary rules may be strictly applied only in the trial-centered mode.