论周代礼乐文化的快乐精神——以先秦儒家阐释为视域

On the Happy Spirit of the Rites and Musical Culture in the Zhou Dynasty——A Perspective of the Interpretation of Pre-Qin Confucianism

周代礼乐文化经过先秦儒家的系统阐释,成为中国传统文化的重要思想资源。礼乐文化之"乐",古音读"洛""岳",二音分别出"喜乐""音乐"二义。而音乐本于人心之喜乐,又是人心之表象,还以陶铸人心为目标。因此,"乐"文化不只是关于音乐的文化,更是关于社会和谐和个人快乐的文化,其旨趣在喜乐,目的是"和同"。而"礼"的依据主要是人的理性,所维持的是区别社会等级的资源分配,故强调"辨异",其旨趣也包含喜乐。正如"音""乐"是"声"的高级形态,"喜""乐"则是"心"的和谐表达,如果概括为一种精神,那就是快乐精神。周代礼乐文化是为宗法政治服务的,为了保证这些分封诸侯服从周天子的权威,于是以宗法来确定等级名分,以礼乐来加强等级名分,使得在这一体制内的人们能够以喜乐之心接受宗法。由于宗法制度存在君主与贵族分权共治的政治结构,且周人保留有原始家族内部的民主遗风,有强烈的忧患意识,礼乐文化在配合宗法政治的实际运作中,既重视等级维护,又强调情感融通,因而可以培养出快乐精神。周代礼乐文化的快乐精神对后世的影响主要表现为:民众幻想有政治的王道乐土,始终不放弃对理想政治的追求,学者自觉修养乐学之心,形成中国学术的一大特色;中国文学受其影响,形成了特有的乐天风格。

Through the interpretation of the pre-Qin Confucian system,Zhou Dynasty ritual musical culture has become an important ideological resource of traditional Chinese culture.Ritual culture,music sounded Luo,Yue,two tones covering two meanings of joy and music.The music presented the joy of people,which could also denote the appearance of people,as well as the goal of the character of person.Therefore,the musical culture was not only about the culture of music,but also on the social harmony and personal happiness of the culture,its purpose lying in joy,and the purpose was the same.The rites based on the rationality of the human being,the maintenance of it was the distinction between the social level of the allocation of resources,so it emphasized the different,its interest also contained joy.Just as the sound and music were the advanced form of sound,hi and music were the heart of the harmonious expression,if summarized as a spirit,which was the happy spirit.The Zhou Dynasty ritual musical culture was for the patriarchal politics.In order to ensure that these sub-vassals subject to the authority of the emperor,the emperor used the patriarchal to determine the level of points to rituals to strengthen the rank of points,so that people in this system could be happy to accept the patriarchal system.Because of the patriarchal system,there was a political structure between the monarch and the aristocracy,and the Zhou people retained the democratic legacy within the original family,and there was a strong sense of urgency.The ritual culture,while cooperating with the patriarchal politics,emphasized the emotional integration,which could cultivate a happy spirit.The influence of the happy spirit of the Zhou Dynastys ritual musical culture on the later generations was as follows:the public fantasy had the political kingdom of paradise,and never abandoned the pursuit of the ideal politics.The scholar consciously cultivated the heart of the study,forming a major characteristic of Chinese culture.The impact led the formation of a unique optimistic style of traditional Chinese culture.