美国政府信息公开运动:宪法危机下的法律博弈

U.S. Government Information Opening Movement: Legal Struggle under Constitutional Crisis

1929年"大萧条"后,美国国会在传统三权分立宪法体制中的轴心地位遭遇到了以罗斯福"新政"为代表的行政权的强力挑战。政府信息公开运动是国会应对此次宪法危机的自救策略。这是20世纪美国政府信息公开运动兴起的根本原因。1966年《信息自由法》颁布后,美国上层社会围绕政府信息公开运动的发展方向展开了激烈的法律博弈。其中,国会发挥了正面的持续推进作用。由于人事制度的特殊原因,1973年"环保局诉明克案"以来,最高法院总体上持保守主义立场。在行政机关内部,情报机关坚决抵制政府信息公开运动,总统代表的联邦政府则呈现出表里不一的"两面性"特点。

After the great depression of 1929, the central situation of congress in the traditional constitutional sys- tem of separation of the three powers in USA has been challenged by administrative authority represented by Roosevelt＇s New Deal. Government information opening is the self-saving strategy of congress replied to the constitutional crisis. It is the root reason of government information opening movement of USA in 20 century. After the promulgation of FO1A in 1966, strong struggle has broken out in US upper classes society. During the struggle, congress promoted the move- ment all the time. Because of personnel system reason, Supreme Court has conservative standpoint after the case of Envi- ronmental Protection Agency v. Mink （1973）. In the administrative agencies, intelligence agencies firmly boycotted the movement, and the federal government represented by president has dual character to the movement.