宋元墓葬中的供祀——以壁饰和随葬品为中心

Sacrifices in Tombs of the Song and Yuan Dynasties:Taking Chamber Decoration and Sacrifices as Examples

宋元墓葬装饰以仿木结构砖雕、壁画墓最具代表性。墓室中以壁面装饰的夫妇对坐图为核心,以备茶荐酒、瓶花等图像为辅,结合随葬的供桌、供器等构成了一个墓内供祀场景。这种供祀现象从北宋中期开始逐渐明显,在元代中晚期基本程式化,是传统祖先崇拜和事死如事生丧葬观念的体现,反映了墓葬营建者尽孝道的同时,期望得到先祖庇佑的文化心理。

In Song and Yuan Dynasties, the decoration of tombs are mainly in the form of imitation wood brick carving and the mural tombs. The decoration of the coffin chambers takes the couples maps as the core, accompanied with the fresco of ＂sacrifice tea and wine＂ and bottle flowers. Combined with burial altar and sacrificial utensils, the tomb presents a scene of sacrifice. This phenomenon become more and more popular since the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, and routinized at the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, which is the embodiment of traditional ancestor worship and burying ceremonies of treating the death as live. It reflects the builders of the tombs show their filial responsibility and pray for ancestor＇ s blessing.