唐代衣冠户再议

Further Discussions on “Yiguanhu” of the Tang Dynasty

衣冠户是学界讨论唐代科举制与社会流动关系的重要论据。一般认为,衣冠户是唐后期对由进士出身的官员所在户的专称,享有普通官员户所未有的免役权。会昌五年赦文、乾符二年赦文中有关衣冠户的申禁,被作为这一论点的关键证据。从制度演进的角度重新检视,此申禁是朝廷面对地方官吏构成多样化和赋役体系变化情况,对既有优免制度的补充。衣冠户的主体,是执行优免法令时享有免役权的品官户。相关申禁的目的,是将任职官府、无正式官人身份的前进士纳入衣冠户的范围,而将其他来源的非官人身份的职员排除在外。衣冠户的申禁与社会流动之间关系不大。它的出现,确定了以户作为差役的征免单位,是宋代官户制度的源头。

＂Yiguanhu＂has been an important point in scholars＇ argument of the relationship between the Civil Service Examination and social mobility in the Tang dynasty.It is commonly accepted that＂Yiguanhu＂was a special name for official families who owned the title of Jinshi in the late period of the Tang dynasty,and families who bore this name could be exempted from labor service.The key literature used by previous scholars,the enactments concerning＂Yiguanhu＂in the Court LawShe of 845 and 875,were taken as the crucial evidence for this argument.Viewing from the perspective of institutional evolvement,these enactments were the government＇s supplement to the existing exemption system pursuant to the diversification of local officials and the change of the tax system.The main body of＂Yiguanhu＂was official families within the rank of Pin.They could enjoy the exemption right according to the exemption enactments.The aim of the enactments was to include the former Jinshi who worked for the government but were not official employees into the group of ＂Yiguanhu＂.At the same time,it meant to exclude the non-official employees from other sources outside this group.To tell the truth,there are no special relations between the regulation of＂Yiguanhu＂and social mobility.The emergence of＂Yiguanhu＂confirmed the exemption unit of Hu rather than Ding in the labor service system,which become the source of Guanhu system in the Song dynasty.