清入关前颁历授时史事考

A Study of Qing's Promulgating Almanac before Entering Shanhaiguan

清朝入关后以《时宪历》颁行天下,此颁历授时活动又有另一段"前史"。努尔哈赤建立政权后,曾启用汉人编写历书。皇太极天聪时代,常从朝鲜获取历书。皇太极称帝建元后,于崇德二年自行造历,以满、蒙、汉三种文字颁发臣属。崇德时代的清历,实基于明《大统历》之法编造,亦用"大统历"之名,故其汉字历书的内容与明历差异甚微,其间最显著的区别,在于各自的年号纪年。皇太极崇德时期的颁历授时之举,是民族政权建号纪元后,对王朝时间体系的进一步完善。

It is well-known that the Qing government used Shixian Calendar to compile almanac and promulgated it to its subordinates after entering Shanhaiguan.But this promulgating almanac activity had a context which related to the previous history.After the establishment of the Later Jin regime,Nurhachi had ordered some people from Han ethnic group to compile almanac.During the reign of Tiancong,the Later Jin government adopted almanac mostly from Korea.In 1637,one year after Huang Taiji claimed to be emperor,Qing government promulgated almanacs written in Manchu,Mongolian and Chinese languages to different subordinates.During the reign of Chongde,Qing government compiled almanac on the basis of Datong Calendar,and also named it Datong Calendar.Thus,its Chinese almanac had little difference from almanac of the Ming dynasty.The most obvious difference between these two time systems lied in their respective chronology.The act of promulgating almanac during the reign of Tiancong took place after the new regime initiated its own era.It was a further perfection of the dynasty＇s time system.