仅仅是“妇女解放”问题吗?——《玩偶之家》及“易卜生主义”考辨

Simply the Issue of “Women's Liberation”? A Further Investigation of A Doll's House and Ibsenism

以往我国评论界认为,《玩偶之家》从提倡"妇女解放"的角度讨论了"社会问题",易卜生是反对"男权主义",为妇女争取自由的戏剧之先驱。这种解读当然不无道理,该剧本确实也因此对欧洲,尤其是"五四"时期我国的妇女解放运动产生了广泛影响。但这种理解只接纳了文本的表层含义,没有揭示"易卜生主义"之本质内涵,也不符合易卜生创作的初衷。实际上,该剧讨论的问题已由"妇女解放"等一般"社会问题"上升为超前性、革命性的"关于人类和人类命运"的问题,揭示的是西方传统文化所面临的危机以及危机中"人"的觉醒与解放的问题,这才是《玩偶之家》和"易卜生主义"的深层内涵,也是易卜生戏剧之"现代性"特征在文化哲学内涵上的表现。由此而论,我国五四时期思想文化界对《玩偶之家》以及"易卜生主义"的理解与接受存在偏差,值得进一步深入研究与探讨。

Critics in China have long held that A Doll＇s House discusses ＂social problems＂ in terms of promoting ＂women＇s liberation＂ and Ibsen is the forefather of those plays fighting against ＂male chauvinism＂ and for women＇s liberty. Surely such an interpretation is justified since the play did exert a wide influence on women＇s liberation movements in Europe as well as China, especially during the period of the May Fourth Movement. However, such an interpretation simply accepted the surface meaning of the text but failed in revealing the essential implications of Ibsenism in accordance with Ibsen＇s original intentions. Actually, leading from the general ＂social problems＂ such as ＂women＇s liberation＂ to revolutionary issues ＂about human beings and human destiny＂ ahead of the time, the play reveals the crisis faced by western traditional culture and the issue of the awakening and liberation of ＂man＂ in crisis, which is the deep implication of A Doll＇s House and ＂Ibsenism＂ and the cultural and philosophical reflection of the ＂modernity＂ of Ibsen＇s plays. Hence, there is a deviation in the understanding and reception of A Doll＇s House and ＂Ibsenism＂ by the cultural and philosophical circles in China during the period of the May Fourth Movement, which deserves further investigation and discussion.