类比推理在疑难刑事案件中的运用与保障——一个方法论上的透视

The Application and Guarantee of Analogical Reasoning in Difficult Criminal Cases——A methodological perspective

类比推理不同于刑法中的禁止类推,它旨在对待决事项与法律规定所涵摄的典型事实进行比较,从而将待决事项归摄于现有的法律规定,因此类比推理在解决"分类问题"疑难刑事案件中有重要的方法论意义。类比推理的适用,首先要识别一个权威性的基点,即确定一个基准案例,然后进行相同点与不同点的比较,接着再对相同点与不同点的重要程度进行判断。其中,"相同点和不同点的重要程度"即相似性的判断,是疑难刑事案件中类比推理的难点所在。相似性的判断应从刑法规范的保护目的和刑法条文可能文义的范围两个层次加以具体判断。由于类比推理每一步骤的判断都依赖于裁判者的主观评价或判断,所以类比推理存在一定的局限。类比推理局限之克服,可从加强对影响规范目的的各种实质性因素的考量,以及以程序证成的方法来消解不同解释主体之间的价值分歧两个方面入手。

Analogical reasoning is different from the ＂Prohibition of analogy＂in criminal law,which aims to treat definitely matters with typical facts culvert perturbation by law,which will be taken in pending matters the existing laws and regulations,so the analogical reasoning in solving the classification problem of difficult criminal cases has important methodology significance. The application of the analogical reasoning,first to identify a definitive basis points,namely to determine a benchmark case,then the comparison of similarities and differences,then to determine the importance of the similarities and differences. ＂The importance of similarity and difference＂is the judgment of similarity,which is the difficulty of analogy reasoning in criminal cases. The judgment of similarity should be judged from the two levels of the protection and the scope of the criminal law. Because the judgment of each step depends on the subjective evaluation or judgment of the referee, the analogy inference has some limitations. The analogical reasoning is limited to overcome,can from two aspects,namely to strengthen the substantive factors of affect the purpose of consideration,and to pass into the method to eliminate the value differences between different interpretation of the subject.