灰水利用的契机--对境外水域的探寻与思考

WHEN THE ONLY WATER LEFT IS GRAY——THE GROWING QUEST FOR FOREIGN WATERSHEDS

干旱地区约占陆地总面积的41%,承载着全球三分之一的人口,更有多个特大城市坐落其中,以丰富的矿产和肥沃的土壤创造了每年数十亿美元的经济收入。然而,持续的人口增长与不断变化的降水量造成了水资源的严重短缺。为在维持当地经济稳定发展的同时有效进行人口增长的预测,世界各地的政府纷纷将水-能网络扩展到境外流域中。作为由哈佛大学查尔斯·艾略特旅行奖学金资助的比较设计研究项目的一部分,本文探讨了全球范围内的水资源短缺问题。项目研究了旱灾对干旱地区的影响,记录了不同区域水系统的特征,概述了大型水利工程对社会经济与社会生态的影响。通过呈现这些过程,本文从景观设计学的角度探讨了当前的水资源议题,通过强调灰水的重要性而将视野从"水之稀缺"向"水之充沛"转变。为印证这一具有社会和经济复杂性的构想,该项目通过国际案例研究探讨了中央集控下跨境调水的缺陷以及地方分控下灰水收集及利用的潜力。为应对水资源短缺的问题,跨尺度且多样化的干预措施不可或缺;以景观过程为框架的混合系统的建立,成为了跨学科规划与设计的关键。

Arid regions around the world comprise approximately 41 percent of the global surface area. These drylands are inhabited by 1/3 of the global population, are home to several mega-cities and nurture a multimillion dollar economy annually. However, continuous population growth and changing precipitation patterns created the phenomenon of water scarcity. To stabilize the local economy and facilitate population growth projections, governments around the world extend their water-energy-network to access foreign watersheds. As part of a comparative design research project under the Harvard based Charles Eliot Fellowship, this article addresses the global issues of water scarcity. It studies the effects of drought in arid regions, documents territorial water systems and outlines the socio-economic and aocio-ecological effects of megaprojects. By revealing these processes, the article discusses the current water discourse from the perspective of landscape architecture and endorses a paradigm of abundance. To illustrate this complex social and economic proposition, a survey of international case studies provides the understanding of the territorial gap and demonstrates decentralized action on a local scale. Ultimately, to challenge water scarcity, a plurality of interventions at multiple scales are inevitable. The key for interdisciplinary planning and design lays in the hybridity of systems, which are framed by a landscape-based approach.