义务违反的竞合与结果可避免性

Concurrence of Duty Breaching and Its Consequence Preventability

在德国的过失犯罪理论中,通过合义务替代行为公式判断能否避免结果的发生对于结果归责而言具有关键的意义。但当案件中存在多个违反义务行为竞合,即多人同时或者先后违反了各自注意义务的情况下,结果可避免性的判断却往往具有不确定性。简单根据传统的可避免性原则否定结果归责却又不合理。针对这一问题,理论上主要尝试通过过失共同正犯理论、风险升高理论以及规范的可避免性理论来解决这一难题。其中过失共同正犯有违个人责任原则,而风险的升高则往往无从比较,相比之下,规范的可避免性理论在解决多个违反义务行为共存时的结果归责问题具有更为优越的解释力。

According to modern German criminal law doctrine,an offender will not be responsible for any harm incurred,when the same consequent is also made by an act consistent with a duty of care.It is difficult to predict whether or not the consequence is preventable when offenders involved do not fulfill their duty of care.The reason is that the consequence cannot be prevented when only one person fulfills his duty of care.It depends on all the efforts of all the persons involved.There are three theories,that of negligent accomplice,of rising risk and of normative preventability of result,aiming at the correction of the traditional theory of preventability to resolve any concrete problem in case of more than two wrongful behaviors.It is the concept of normative preventability that can better explain the criminal liability in the case of this kind.