新罗元晓对“赞毁戒”的诠释与拓展

An Interpretation and Development by Yuan-xiao in the Silla Dynasty on the Precepts of Praises and Defamation

元晓为新罗高僧,著有关于菩萨戒的《菩萨戒本持犯要记》和《梵网经菩萨戒本私记》两书。元晓曾在《持犯要记》中借助瑜伽戒中"赞毁戒"的持犯规范概括出判定一般行为之罪福及其轻重的原则,为了验此原则之普适性而将其应用于《梵网经》之"赞毁戒",此为第一重应用。在《私记》中,元晓在解释赞毁戒为重罪之原因时亦应用《持犯要记》中的原则,此为第二重应用,此应用所不同于第一重之处在于,元晓借助《四分律》盗戒之五钱成重的判例作为构成赞毁戒为重之要件的贪求利养之"利"的标准。最后,元晓在《私记》中进一步将扩展后的原则融摄为新四句,既体现了《持犯要记》中之原则,又体现了《私记》中之规范细节,从而构造了可普适性的持戒指南。

Yuan-xiao is an eminent monk in the Silla Dynasty,who has two books on Bodhisattva precepts they are the brief record of precepts-abiding and offense in the Bodhisattva precepts and the private record of the Brahma Net Sutra Bodhisattva Precepts.Yuan-xiao once summed up the principles of determining in the brief record of precepts-abiding and offense on the Bodhisattva precepts which deed is evil or welfare and misdemeanor or felony on the basis of precepts of praises and defamation from the Yoga Bodhisattva Precepts.In order to test the universality of this principle,Yuan-xiao applies it to the Brahma Net Sutra Bodhisattva Precepts,which is the first application.In the private record of the Brahma Net Sutra Bodhisattva Precepts,Yuan-xiao interprets the reason why precepts of Praises and defamation is felony by meaning of an application of principle in the brief record of precepts-abiding and offense on the Bodhisattva precepts,this is the second application.The second application is very different from the first one because Yuan-xiao makes the principle of a felony that one steals five money in the Vinaya of the Four Categories as the standard of greed for profit.Finally,in the private record of the Brahma Net Sutra Bodhisattva Precepts,the principle has been assimilated into four sentences by Yuan-xiao,which not only embodies the principle of the brief record of precepts-abiding and offense on the Bodhisattva precepts,but also reflects the details of theprivaterecordoftheBrahmaNetSutraBodhisattva Precepts,thus constructed the universal handbook for precepts-abiding.