清代直隶口外皇庄的管理特点

The Management of Imperial Farming Land in Jehol in Qing Dynasty

清朝成功治理多族群的原因之一,在于其创造出"因人而治"地依据不同族群设立不同政府、管辖不同种类"飞地"的政治模式。在直隶口外地区,清朝通过在这里设立皇庄,养活并统治了超过10万名内务府包衣及其家人。皇庄在行政上主要由内务府管辖,但其财富流通和司法案件,则都要受到地方官的监督。皇庄不但基本实现了自给自足,还向中央缴纳了一定的生产盈余以供应当地兵饷。并且实践证明,其能够与清朝设于此地的其他政府和"飞地"和平共存。

One of the essential reasons for the successful governance of the Qing Dynasty was that it created a political model for the establishment of different governments and different kinds of＂enclaves＂under different ethnic groups.In the region of Jehol,the Qing government established the imperial farming land here to support and rule over 100,000 Imperial Household booi and their families.The imperial farming land is mainly administered by the Imperial Household,but its wealth circulation and judicial cases are subject to the supervision of the local officials.The imperial farming land not only basically achieved self-sufficiency,but also paid a certain production surplus to the central government to supply local soldiers.And it has proved that it can co-exist peacefully with other governments and＂enclaves＂established here in the Qing dynasty.