论莎士比亚四大悲剧中的隐性艺术家形象——兼论“隐性艺术家”与“隐含作者”的差异

The Implicit Artists in Shakespeare's Four Great Tragedies

在作品中置入"隐性艺术家"是莎士比亚创作悲剧的一个重要技巧。在莎翁四大悲剧中,都存在隐性艺术家形象,且大体可分为两类:一类是魔鬼艺术家,他们在剧中往往扮演着制造危机、煽风点火、压榨人心的角色;另一类是自由艺术家,他们往往具有高度的超越性,在重重困境中坚守理想,不惧死亡,想方设法去实现理想。这些隐性艺术家在作品中的主要功能是暗暗引导作品实现艺术的本质或作家的创作意图。从理论层面来看,这里所谓"隐性艺术家"不同于韦恩·布斯提出的"隐含作者",他(她)不是作者的理想化自我,也不是作者"所选择的东西的总和",而只是作品的一个独特组成部分。"隐性艺术家"之所以会存在,根源在于艺术作品不只是现实生活的反映,而是现实生活、作者自我、审美形式三维耦合的结晶。

To plant ＂implicit artists＂ into his works is a technique of great significance in Shakespeare＇s dramaturgy of tragedies. The implicit artist refers to the especially active and innovative key member who secretly drives the work to achieve the essence of art. These artists are similar to an ＂undercover agent＂ or ＂secret emissary＂ sent by the author. There are implicit artists in all of Shakespeare＇s four great tragedies. They could be divided into two main types： the first, the devilish artists who play the role of making threats, fanning the flames and squeezing human＇s minds; the second type is the liberal artists who transcend the self so much so that they stick to their own ideals despite dilemmas and they never fear death but rather attempt to achieve their ideal regardless of consequences. The fundamental mission of the implicit artist is to deepen self-consciousness and fully embody the essence and value of art. Speaking from a theoretical perspective, different from the concept of ＂implied author＂ proposed by the American literary critic Wayne Booth, the implicit artist is neither an idealized self of the writer nor ＂the sum of his own choices＂, but is a unique part of the work itself.