清代人格化河神的建构、传播及影响——以河督栗毓美为中心

The Construction,Propagation and Influence of the Personified River God in the Qing Dynasty-Taking the River Governor of Li Yuming as the Core Investigation

栗毓美为清道光年间河道总督,因其治河有功,再加上高尚的人格魅力,死后被官方敕封为河神,属于典型的治河英雄崇拜。严峻的形势是英雄产生的前提,同时也为政治伦理价值的发挥提供了比平时更为独特的社会环境。栗毓美之所以能够成神,除符合儒家祭祀原则这一原因外,更为重要的一点是在他去世之后,适逢黄河连续三年决溢,这种背景为他成神提供了重要契机。作为河神的栗毓美被纳入国家正祀之后,迅速成为治河官员竞相崇奉的对象,对清代国家祭祀政策产生了重要影响。由于河患的威胁,使得栗毓美崇拜在民间有着广泛的社会基础。沿黄地区的民众在建庙祀神的同时,亦创造出众多故事和传说,使得信仰呈现出浓厚的地域特色。对河神栗毓美的崇奉,亦从侧面反映出晚清河患日益严重的现实。

Li Yu-mei was the river governor in the Daoguang period of the Qing dynasty,because of his activities of managing rivers as well as the noble moralsentiment,the official knighted him as ＂the river god＂ after he died,which is a typical river hero worship.The austere situation is a prerequisite for the hero,providing a more unique than the usual social environment for the exertion of political and ethical values.In addition to meet the principle of Confucian＇s worship,the reason why Li Yu-mei was regarded as god is the coinciding with the Yellow River＇s flood for three consecutive years after his death,which provided an important opportunity for him.After Li Yu-mei was incorporated into the country＇s worship as the river god,he quickly became the object of competing worship by the river officials,making an important impact on the national sacrifice policy in Qing Dynasty.Due to the threat of the Yellow River＇s flood,Li Yu Mei＇s worship of the civil society has a wide range of social basis.People living along area of the Yellow River built temples to sacrifice god,at the same time,created a number of stories and legends as well,making the religion show a strong regional characteristics.To some extent,Li Yu Mei＇s worship also reflects increasingly serious influence of flood in late Qing dynasty.