庄子“万物一齐”思想探析

A Study of the Thought “Equality of All Beings”Presented by Chuang-Tzu

"万物一齐"是庄子思想的重要内容。老子、田骈等人皆有"万物一齐"观念,庄子的"万物一齐"观是对"古之道术"的继承和发扬,是在儒墨"圣人""智者"给天下带来大动乱的背景下提出的。庄子的"万物一齐"的不同之处在于他并不是"强不齐以为齐",而是主张"任其不齐"(或曰"自然不齐")。政治上,他主张以无为治天下;学术上,他主张以"不言之辩"超越是非纷争;生死观上,他指出神人、真人、圣人等可通过"抱一""静一""贵一""与神为一"等方式超越生死,普通人亦可通过气化论、宿命论理解生死一体,改变悦生恶死的态度,实现"生死一齐"。由此可知,庄子提出的"万物一齐"既不是厌倦现实的产物,不是为了实现精神的逍遥自适,也不是政治失败退隐后的自我安慰,而是他针对政治的黑暗、学术的纷争、生命无常的苦闷而提出的具有积极意义的深刻理论主张。

“Equality of all beings” is a significant viewpoint presented by Qmang-Tzu. In spite of the similar viewpoints presented by other philosophers such as Lao Tzu, Tian Pian, Chuang-Tzu thought is a development and promotion of “the ancient Taoism” under the background of the disputes between the sages of the Confucian and the Mohists which brought social upheaval. What distinguishes Chuang _ tzu’s viewpoints from others’ is that he didn’t intend to make different things equal mandatorily,but advocated “keep different things different”（or “keep them natural”）？ Politically, he advocated to govern the country by non-action; academically, he advocated to keep u silent^ to avoid disputes; on the issues of life and death,he pointed out that the man of God,Taoist “real”and “saints” could go beyond life and death by realizing uthe oneJ,, and ordinary people could also study the Qi theory and fatalism to change the attitude towards life and death so as to understand that life and death are equal and finally achieve the equal state. It comes to a conclusion that Chuang-Tzu^ viewpoint u equality of all beings is the product of neither being tired of the reality nor being free and unfettered in spirit, still less the self consolation after political failure. It is a positive and profound theoretical claim of great significance, which was raised in view of the political darkness, academic disputes and the depression and impermanence of life.