早期儒家的德行论——以郭店楚简《六德》《五行》为中心

Early Confucianist Theories on Virtues: With Guodian Bamboo Slips The Six Virtues and The Five Virtues as the Focus

郭店楚简中与《五行》篇倡言"仁义礼智圣"五种德行不同,《六德》篇主张"圣智仁义忠信"六种德行。《五行》篇重在从内在化、普遍化、性情化的方向去理解并处理德行问题,而《六德》篇强调德行的角色化、社会化。这是两种不同的德行伦理,或者说,《五行》属于德行伦理,《六德》属于角色伦理,显示出早期儒家伦理内部包含了不同的发展取向。《六德》应早于《五行》,但其思想既体现了早期德行论的特点,也体现了早期角色伦理的特点。从文化继承的角度说,德性伦理因其普遍化性格,比较容易处理其继承的问题。而角色伦理中与特定时代特定社会的特殊性相联结的成分,在现代人的继承时就必须加以明确扬弃,要区别角色伦理中"纯粹是地方性、历史性的东西"和"具有普遍意义,要求普遍遵循的东西",在此基础上来进行创造性的继承。

Abstract： In Guodian Bamboo Slips （ 郭店楚简 ）, The Five Virtues （《五行》 ） is different from The Six Virtues （《六德》） in that the former advocates ＂benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sage＂ while the latter advocates ＂sage, wisdom, benevolence, righteousness, loyalty and faithfulness＂ The Five Virtues focuses on understanding and tackling the problems concerning virtues in the direction of internalization, generalization and emotionalization, while The Six Virtues emphasizes the characterization and socialization of virtues. These are two different kinds of ethics. In other words, The Five Virtues belongs to virtue ethics, while The Six Virtues belongs to role ethics, which shows that early Confucianist ethics contained different development orientations. The Six Virtues should have come into being earlier than The Five Virtues, but The Six Virtues embodied the characteristics of the early virtue theory, and also reflected the characteristics of the early role ethics. From the perspective of cultural inheritance, virtue ethics is characterized by its universality so that it is easier to tackle the problem of its inheritance. And those elements in role ethics, which are associated with the specificity in a specific society of a specific era, must be definitely developed or discarded when people in modern times inherit them. It is necessary to distinguish between ＂the purely local and historical elements＂ and ＂the universally significant and universally observed elements＂ in role ethics. And only on this basis can we inherit them in a creative way.