产业政策、企业退出与区域生产效率演变

Industrial Policy, Firm Exit and Regional Production Efficiency Dynamics in China

本文研究政府产业政策和市场竞争对企业退出行为的影响，并进一步考察区域产业生产效率演变。研究发现，政府设立经济开发区等政策性区域和对企业进行直接补贴等产业政策有明显的保护作用，使得低效率企业能够在市场中生存；而在集聚程度高的地方和有明显优势产业的地方，企业间竞争程度会更大，市场机制能发挥更大的作用，只有生产率更高的企业才能生存下来。这种政府与市场对企业的微观作用会反馈到产业的区域生产效率演变。政策保护和市场竞争会对产业的空间布局和动态效率演变产生重要影响，但其在产业升级与竞争力提升方面的效果和作用机制都还有待进一步的探讨。

Market competition drives industrial dynamics. Theoretically, only productive firms can survive the fierce market competition. In the transitional China, protection oriented industrial policies implemented by local governments however may keep some less productive firms in the market. Industrial agglomeration further provides conditions to help firm survival. This study first explores the link between TFP and firm exit and then investigates the firm exit decision by highlighting the role of industrial policies and industrial agglomeration and specialization. Based on the Annual Survey of Industrial Firms in China during 1998--2007, this study found that exiting firms suffer from low efficiency while surviving firms are more productive. Statistical results indicate that firms located in industrial zones and granted with heavy subsidies are less likely to exit, showing the significant role of local protection policies. In cities with substantial concentration of industries, firms may compete with each other fiercely and only productive firms can survive. The dual roles of state power and market force can also shed light on the regional production efficiency dynamics in China.