聚焦设计:实践与方法(上)——美国“以学生为中心”的本科教学改革研究之三

Focus on Design:Practices and Methods(Part 1)——A Series of Studies of the SC Undergraduate Education Reform in the USA(3)

本文是美国"以学生为中心"的本科教学改革研究之三,主要介绍在这场改革中美国学者和教师创造的行之有效的实践和方法。全文共九部分。第1~3部分介绍相关文献、科学基础和大学教学有效性双因素假设。第4~6部分介绍由科学研究、受生活与职业发展影响和由经验总结而产生的实践与方法。第7部分是SC方法论,讨论了"SC方法树"、"3650"框架和5个"方法论误区"。第8部分是关于SC改革的未来,介绍了颠覆性创新概念和两所创新性学校。文章特别强调了设计在课堂教学模式改革中的核心作用。好的设计能把SC原则贯穿教学实践,能结合学生实际,促进学生有效学习。由于原文较长,故分为上下篇发表。上篇包括前四部分,下篇包括后五部分。

This is the third of serial studies of the student-centered（SC）undergraduate education reform in the United States,focusing on effective instructional practices and methods.It consists of nine parts.The first three are：the literature,scientific foundation and a two-factor hypothesis of effectiveness of college instruction.The following parts introduce respectively three categories of practices and methods,stemmed from academic researches,influenced by real-world experiences and summed from effective experiences and practices.The next part is a discussion of the methodological issues,including Tree System of SC methodology,3650 Frame and five common errors in mastering of the SC methodology.The eighth is about the future of SC reform,which introduces the concepts of sustaining vs disruptive innovations,discussed those concepts with the cases of Minerva School and 42 School.The author particularly emphasizes the axis function of design in SC instructional practices.Good practice should put SC principles through practices,meet students＇ needs and promote effectiveness of learning.The article ends with a brief sum.Due to its length,this article is splitted into two parts.The first half includes the first four parts and the rest is in the second half.