医治身心:医学方书与晚明清代的劝善教化

Mental and Physical Treatment: Prescriptions and Civilization in Late Ming and Qing Dynasty

善书向来重视宣扬与医疗相关的慈善活动,晚明以前,劝人施医舍药是其基本表现形式。明末清初,随着劝善运动的高涨,大量善书收录医方或方书,施送医方或方书随之成为新兴的劝化内容和手段。在此过程中,善书与方书呈现融合之势,善书编写者借鉴医方的书写模式建构伦理道德,善书传播者借助方书非常实用的优势努力扩大善书的影响力,很多方书的编撰、刊刻和传播则越来越"善书化",而且一种新的文类——劝善方书从清初开始流行起来。此类书籍虽以医学知识为主要内容,但并非价值中立,它们秉持"医治身心"的理念,赋予文本道德价值和规训力量,将人的心灵和身体都纳入劝善话语的调控范畴。

Shanshu,a kind of moral-instruction book,has always attached importance to the promotion of health-related charity activities. Before the late Ming Dynasty,its basic form is encouraging to provide leechcraft and medicine. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasty,with the upswing of the campaign on encouraging kindness,a large number of Shanshu began to include medical prescriptions. The compilation,publication and propagation of many prescriptions were more and more similar to Shanshu. Moreover,a new type of literature,moral-instruction prescriptions,had been popular since the early Qing. Although these books are mainly based on medical knowledge,they are not neutral in value. They uphold the concept of " healing mind and body",giving text moral value and disciplinary power,and bringing people's mind and body into the regulation and control of encouraging kindness discourse.