清代呼和浩特社会福利分层研究

Research on Social Welfare Stratification of Hohhot in Qing Dynasty

清代呼和浩特地区形成了基于权力和地位差异的社会分层结构,旗人、蒙古人和民人因所处社会地位的不同,过着截然不同的生活。三个阶层中的弱势群体,即妇女、儿童和老人也因身份和地位的差异导致所能获得的社会福利存在巨大差距,形成了社会福利分层。社会福利分层的实质是社会分层在民生和福利领城的一种表现形式,会进一步强化已有的社会分层结构,扩大社会阶层之间的不平等与矛盾。清代呼和浩特不同社会分层的社会福利差异,还体现于社会福利的资金来源存在差别,旗人和蒙古人的社会福利资金来源于政府拨款和政策扶持,民人的社会福利资金来源于社会捐款。因资金来源的稳定性和充足性存在较大的差异,造成福利保障水平的显著差异。清代呼和浩特社会福利的民族差异造成了社会不公和社会矛盾,当今民族地区社会福利制度的建设与完善应当从中汲取教训,避免重蹈历史覆辙。

In the Qing Dynasty, Hohhot region formed a social stratification structure based on the differences of power and status. The banners, Mongolians and minren had completely different life because of their different social status. Disadvantaged groups in these three strata, namely, women, children and the elderly, also had huge gaps in the acquisition of social welfare due to differences in status, forming a stratification of social welfare. The essence of social welfare stratification is a manifestation of social stratification in the fields of people＇s livelihood and welfare. Social welfare stratification will further strengthen the existing social stratification structure and expand the inequality and contradiction between social strata. Social welfare differences between different social strata in Hohhot in the Qing Dynasty are also reflected in the differences in the sources of social welfare funds. The banners and the Mongolian social welfare funds come from the government grants and policy support. The social welfare funds for the minren come from the social donations. There are significant differences in the stability and adequacy of funding sources, resulting in significant differences in the level of welfare protection. The ethnic differences of social welfare in Hohhot in the Qing Dynasty caused social injustice and contradictions. Nowadays, the construction and perfection of the social welfare system in ethnic areas and ethnic minorities should draw lessons from it and avoid repeating the mistakes of history.