如何行动才是正确的——柏拉图正义理论的重新定向

What Is the Just Thing to Do——A Reorientation of Plato's Theory of Justice

柏拉图的正义理论被认为以城邦和灵魂中的正义为核心主题,但《理想国》关键的第一卷却并非如此。对该卷的深入分析表明,其中所提出的三种正义观,均有关行动而非城邦或德性。这三种观点分别认为,个人的行动会以自身、他人和集体的善为目标。因此,如何行动才是正确的问题,在开端之处主导着柏拉图的正义理论。这一问题比正义德性或正义城邦的问题更普遍也更直接,有必要以行动为导向进一步阐明柏拉图的正义理论。

In the traditional interpretation,Plato's theory of justice is about the justice in the city and the justice in the soul. However,the speakers in Book I of Republic rarely refer to both of them. This obvious contradiction should be investigated carefully. By exploring Book I,we can see that it has provided three theories of justice and all of them are about human action rather than the city or the soul. Respectively, they believe that human action is aiming at the good of the selves,the others and the collectivities. The conclusion is that the problem of human action dominates Plato's theory of justice from the beginning. This problem is universal and more important than the theory of the virtue or the city. We should reorient Plato's theory of justice to action.