恐惧与创制——卢梭政治思想中的恐惧问题

Fear and Institution——An Interpretation of Fear in Rousseau's Political Thought

在传统契约论中,恐惧是推动人类脱离自然状态、进入政治生活的重要因素。卢梭对恐惧的处理与此不同。一方面,在建构自然状态学说时,卢梭指出自然人缺乏时间意识,因此,自然人没有对未来的恐惧,这使得卢梭得以把政治从自然中剥离出去;同时,卢梭刻意降低了恐惧在政治起源过程中的影响,从而把政治权利的基础从强力转移到道德上去。另一方面,卢梭指出某种特殊科学的启蒙是文明人恐惧的原因,而恐惧抵消了公民的爱国热忱。对此,卢梭希望通过消除恐惧来重塑现代人的公民精神。

In traditional social contract theory,fear is regarded as the chief passion that drives the primitive man to leave the state of nature and to establish a body politic based on social contract. However,Rousseau holds a completely opposite view regarding the function of fear in human history. When describing the state of nature in Second Discourse,by analyzing time consciousness,Rousseau argues that the primitive man lacks the fear to death. The hidden intention of this allegation is to cut off the link between political life and human nature. Accordingly,Rousseau lowers the effect of fear on the birth of state and emphasizes the crucial function of civil virtues for maintaining political order. In his discussion of civilization,Rousseau ascribes the fear to death to the enlightenment of three specific sciences. This last point can be connected to the tension between the Enlightenment and Rousseau's view of the spirit of citizen.