焦循的文学论述及其学术史意义探析

Jiao Xun's Literary Discourses and Significance in Academic History

宋、明道学传统下的文学论述以"文以载道"为主轴,"六经皆文"的主张则将道学、经学与文学紧紧绑束,使文学失去其独立地位。焦循于此传统下却主张知识各还其体,各代还其各代,分开独立视之。因此,焦循沿袭《汉志》以"诗赋"命名文学之作,且厘清"集部"之内涵,而不与辞章诗赋等文学之作混淆。如是的理念具体落实于晚年所亲自编纂的《易余籥录》,亦展现清儒实事求是的学术理念。另一方面,在诗赋辞章之学的知识体系中,焦循勾勒出一条从《楚辞》经汉赋、魏晋五言诗、唐代近体诗、宋词、元曲到明清时文的韵文源流,并宣明"一代有一代之所胜"的主张。如是的主张,成为近代中国建构文学史的潜流之音。

The literary discourses in traditional Neo-Confucianism focus on the axial theme of"writings are for conveying truth."The viewpoint of"six classics are all literatures"binds NeoConfucianism closely with the study of Confucian classics and literature,depriving literature of its independent status.Under this tradition,Jiao Xun maintained the necessity of isolating academic studies and knowledge from each other according to the styles and dynasties.Therefore,he followed the principles of Han Shuto name literary works as"poetry,"and re-clarified the connotations of"literature"without confusing it with the studies of writing skills and poetry.On the other hand,in the knowledge system of studies of writing skills and poetry,he outlined the literary forms fromElegies of Chu,including poetry in the Han Dynasty,five-character poem in Wei and Jin Dynasties,regulated verse in the Tang Dynasty,Ci in the Song Dynasty,Qu in the Yuan Dynasty,and eight-legged essay in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In addition,he suggested that"the strength of every dynasty is different."Jiao Xun specifically put his ideas into his own practice of compiling Yi Yu Yue Luin his elderly life,which also demonstrated the academic idea of seeking truth from facts of scholars in the Qing Dynasty.