施蒂纳的“唯一者”思想及其对马克思早期思想的促推

Stirner’s “the One” Ideology and Its Promotion to the early thought of Marx

施蒂纳的《唯一者及其所有物》开启了颠覆、消解形而上学＂人本主义类人学＂的序幕。施蒂纳从＂天赋人权＂、＂个人人格＂绝对自由平等的＂个人自我意识自由＂出发,论证了个人的＂独自性＂、自私性、特殊性和唯一性,指出＂现实的人＂是各自具有＂独自性＂的＂唯一者＂,但又是有权利追求、享有和拥有一切的所有者,同时还是颠覆、否定普遍的＂一般性＂或＂共同性＂并否定一切与此相联系而产生的一切传统观念和价值,使人的自由个性得以随心所欲地发挥和实现的＂唯一者＂。这一思想所带来的冲击非常巨大,在马克思摆脱费尔巴哈人本主义＂类哲学＂（或＂类人学＂）而转向唯物史观的过程中发挥了积极而重要的促推作用,但其极端个人主义、利己主义、主观唯心论和无政府主义观念则受到马克思、恩格斯的激烈批判。

The book of M. Stirner,The One and His Belongs,opened a prelude to subversion and Deconstruction of metaphysics ＂Humanitarianism＂. From the perspective of the freedom of self consciousness of the natural right and the absolute freedom and equality of personality,Stirner demonstrated the individual＇s independence,selfishness,particularity and uniqueness,and pointed out that the ＂reality individual＂is the ＂uniqueness＂of ＂alone＂,but it is also the owner of the power to pursue,enjoy and possess;at the same time,it also subverts the negative universality of ＂universality＂or ＂commonality＂and negates all the traditional concepts and values that are connected with this,so that the free personality of man can be exerted and realized with the will of his own. The impact of the ideology of Stirner is enormous,and this ideology plays an important role in the process of Marx＇s getting rid of Feuerbach humanism philosophy of＂class philosophy＂（ or＂humanoid＂） and turning to process the historical materialism,but his extreme individualism,egoism,subjective idealism and anarchism have also received intense criticism of Marx and Engels.