黄宗羲的变风变雅理论

The Theory of the Changing of Feng and Ya by Huang Zongxi

变风变雅理论是古代文学批评中的一个重要的批评理论,最早源于人们对《诗经》的阐释,后为历代文学家不断丰富发展。传统的正变理论既具有进步性又存在保守性。黄宗羲为适应明清鼎革的时代需要,充分继承和发展了传统变风变雅理论中怨刺和抗争的一面,尽量消减理论保守消极的一面,对传统的变风变雅理论做了一次理论性开拓。黄宗羲的变风变雅理论大致有如下几点:其一是为变正名,正变无优劣之分;其二是扩大了温柔敦厚的外延,将变风变雅之诗作纳入其中;其三是指出变风变雅的诗作是应"时"而生的,为人们充分进行反抗斗争提供了理论支持;其四是指出变风变雅反映在诗歌创作中就体现为"不平则鸣"和充满"元气"之文。

The theory of changing of Feng and Ya is an signif cant notion in ancient Chinese literary criticism. This theory f rst originated from the interpretation of “The Book of Songs” and was constantly developed by later writers. There was both progressiveness and conservatism in the traditional theory. In order to meet the needs of the times, Huang Zongxi fully inherited and developed the upside of the traditional theory, while trying to reduce the downside of it, making a theoretical exploration to the theory. His idea included the followings： 1. There is no good and bad between “Zheng” and “Bian”. 2. Huang Zongxi extended the conception of tender and gentle and combined the poetry into his literary works. 3. He pointed out that the birth of the poetry was due to the needs of times, providing theoretical support for people’s struggle against Qing dynasty.4. He suggests that poetry ref ects an outcry against injustice, thus f lled with vitality