戈尔巴乔夫的“共同欧洲家园”外交构想研究

On Gorbachev's Diplomatic Concept of "Common European Home"

20世纪70年代末至80年代中期,苏联与西方各国关系缓和的进程,因"欧洲导弹问题"等危机的发展而受挫,东西方之间形成所谓"第二次冷战"局面。戈尔巴乔夫上台后,苏联决策层赋予"共同欧洲家园"概念以新的内涵,通过降低对西欧的军事威胁,使苏联与西欧政治、经济联系最大化,以襄助自身改革,使本国回归欧洲。戈尔巴乔夫等按这一构想推动"全欧进程",谋求苏联对全欧洲的影响力。首先是转变态度,接受美国在欧洲的存在;其次,在对两德关系上,外交重点转向西德。然而,两德统一问题重上国际议程,打破了这一渐进构想,凸显出对德国问题缺乏整体战略是其重大失误。两德统一快速实现,东欧各国剧变同时加速,对苏联内部动乱产生很强的"溢出效应"。苏联进入解体过程,戈尔巴乔夫等让国家回归欧洲的努力功败垂成。近年来,俄罗斯以构建共同人文、经济和能源空间对欧盟展开外交,与戈尔巴乔夫时期相比,其对欧洲前景的判断和俄欧关系战略已大异其趣。这一战略方向转变,可给我们提供很多思考和借鉴。

From the end of the 1970s to the middle 1980s, the detente between the Soviet Union and the West suffered a setback due to crises including the ＂European missile issue＂. Accordingly, the so-called ＂second Cold War＂ was formed between the East and the West. After Gorbachev came to power, the Soviet decision-makers added new substance to the concept of ＂the Common European Home＂ by reducing military threats to Western Europe, maximizing political and economic ties between the Soviet Union and Western Europe, in order to help its own reform and to render Russia itself back to Europe. Based on this idea, leaders such as Gorbacbev promoted the ＂Greater Europe＂ process, seeking the Soviet Union＇s influences across the whole Europe. First, he changed his attitudes and accepted the U.S. existence in Europe. Secondly, when dealing with relations with the two Gerrnanys, his diplomatic focus turned to West Germany. However, the tmification of the two Germanys was again put on the international agenda, breaking this gradual idea and highlighting his big mistake in lacking an overall strategy for the German issue. Both the rapid unification of the two Germanys and the acceleration of drastic changes in Eastern Europe brought about strong ＂spillover effects＂ on the internal turmoil of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union indicated that Gorbachev＇s efforts in bringing Russia back to Europe ended in failure. In recent years, Russia has been endeavoring to handling diplomatic relations with the European Union by building four common spaces. Compared with that during the Gorbachev period, Russia＇s judgment on the prospect of Europe and its EU strategy is quite different, which could offer us quite a few references.