明代江南造物设计中士匠互动的再估计——兼述工匠精神

Revisiting the Interaction between Craftsmen and Intelligentsia in Manufacturing Design South of Yangtze River in Ming Dynasty:A Concurrent Commentary on the Spirit of Craftsmanship

明成化年后,以银代赋政策的实施以及江南社会经济和城镇的持续发展,激发了工匠生产的自主性和积极性,如琢如磨的态度和精工精致的精神得到响应,从而在市场中确立了品牌。基于知识下沉和交谊治生之需,士夫亦投入物质建构中,由此显现了士匠群体间互动的缝合效应。文章探究其互动的社会基础、形式、特征、效应和传播形式,聚焦各自的优长和局限,厘清其广度、深度、范围和边界。该研究认为,明代江南造物构建了近世的设计高地,士匠缔造了亘古未有的合作黄金期,共同模塑了弥足珍贵的工匠精神。

During the Chenghua periodin Ming dynasty,the policy of paying silver for the freedom from corvee and the sustained social economic and urban developmentin the south of the Yangtze River stimulated the autonomy and enthusiasm of craftsmen. Concurrently,the attitude of extreme delicacy and pursuit for constant perfection prevailed,and brand names were gradually established. Due to down-to-the-earth application of knowledge and necessity of learning from artisans through friendship,intelligentsia also engaged in the manufacturing design,leading to the seaming effect of intelligentsia-craftsmen interactions. The paper explores the social basis,forms,characteristics,effect and transmission channels of the interactions,focuses on their respective advantages and limitations,and clarifies the breadth,depth,scope and boundaries of the interactions.It is concluded that the manufacturing design south of Yangtze River in the Ming Dynasty constituted a zenith in modern period and an unprecedented exemplar of cooperation between intelligentsia and craftsmen,both contributing to the precious spirit of craftsmanship through concerted efforts.