道禅之异与石涛“一画”说

The Differences between Taoism and Zen and SHI Tao's “Yi-hua”(the Primordial Line) Theory

道家主张自然无为的人生态度,具体表现于"涤除玄鉴""乘物游心"的审美方式中,由此可欣赏宇宙世界的和谐生命之美。禅宗真如自性所创现的新境界,具有幻灭无常、顺任圆成、湛然净寂的特点。禅境在根本上是一种寂灭之美,因而区别于道家的生命之美。石涛"一画"说吸收了禅宗妙悟的方式,但由其所开显的境界主要体现的是道家的生命精神,甚至还受儒家人格精神的影响。这种多元融合在古代艺术家身上是很常见的,也是"一画"内涵难以厘清的原因。

Taoists hold an inactive attitude in life whose aesthetics can be embodied as being natural and inactive,such as"keeping the inner peace by eliminating the worldly distractions"and"setting the mind free by transcending the actuality"to appreciate the beauty of harmonious lives in the universe. The new realm created by Zen displays self-evident truth that acquires features such as evanescence,consummation and tranquility. Zen vision essentially is a beauty of nirvana different from Taoist'beauty of life. SHI Tao's"Yi-hua"(the Primordial Line) Theory absorbed Zen's epiphany but its artistic realm mainly displayed Taoist's life spirit and even it was influenced by Confucian personality. The integration of multiple elements is quite common in ancient artists and it is the very reason that makes hard for people to clarify the connotations of"Yi-hua"(the Primordial Line) theory.