意志论与自然法——近代早期道德哲学之论争

God's will and natural law: Controversies in early modern moral philosophy

近代道德哲学的第一个理论形态是自然法。自然法首先不是一门法学科学,而是道德哲学。这种道德哲学最早在欧洲大陆第一个"自然法和国际法教席教授"普芬道夫的《自然法和国际法》第一、二卷中得到了系统的阐发。但普芬道夫的自然法阐释在莱布尼茨那里评价完全是否定的,为了准确把握他的历史地位,我们以莱布尼茨对霍布斯和普芬道夫的自然法阐释之批判为核心,考察自然法究竟是上帝意志之表达还是事物自然本性之规定,以此展开对近代早期道德哲学一段为现代道德哲学奠定基础和方向的学术史争论的评述。

Natural Law,the first theoretical formation in modern moral philosophy,is,in the first place,philosophy of morality,instead of science of jurisprudence. That moral philosophy was elaborated on in Book I and II of On the Nature of Law and Nations by Pufendorf,the first Chaired Professor of Natural Law and International Law on the European Continent as well as in the world. Given the fact that Pufendorf＇s interpretation of Natural Law was on the negative receiving end of Leibniz,it is imperative that the former＇s status in history be examined on the basis of the critique by Lebniz of both Pufendorf＇s and Hobbes＇ interpretation of Natural Law,with a view to understanding whether Natural Law is God＇s will or the nature of things per se.Thus,I offer comments on the arguments spanning a period of intellectual history within early modern moral philosophy that paved the way for modern moral philosophy.