国家、民族、社区——美国国家公园建设的经验及教训

States,Nations,Communities——The Experiences and Lessons from American National Parks Construction

美国国家公园建设过程中,以国家为主导,注重国家意识,定位服务功能,体现其教育理念,并在此过程中将管理和利用模式由开始的保护转变为现在的保护与利用并行,为全世界提供了一个成功的模板。但在其100年的发展过程中,环境的破坏,原住民权利的漠视,游客管理的混乱,是其曾遇到或正在面临的问题。建议我国在进行国家公园建设时,应扬长避短,突出国家名义,强调社区参与和游客管理先行,并注重国家公园的公益性和教育功能。

The Report at 19th CPC National Congress clearly stated： ＂We will establish systems for developing and protecting territorial space,improve supporting policies on functional zones,and develop a nature reserve system composed mainly of national parks＂. Developing the National Park system is the key reform task put forward by the party in the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. It has great significance for promoting the harmonious symbiosis between man and nature,as well as for the promoting of the construction of beautiful China.The establishment of the National Park in the United States has its inevitable historical choices.With the formation of a new country,determining representative national cultural characteristics has become an important concern for the United States.By 1870s,the designation of Yellowstone National Park in the name of a nation means the reconstruction and the unity of the nation-state of the newly born United States. As a result,the National Park became a symbol of the nation-state,and a name card announced to the world.The National Parks System of the United States,mainly includes two types： the National Parks and the National Monument： The former protects a landscape or nature area with national or global significance,mainly based on its landscape,enlightenment,education,and entertainment value. The latter protects a single,unique cultural or natural feature. Its main goal is to preserve areasof historical,cultural,and scientific value.With the continuous development of the National Parks and the growing leisure demand of the people,the National Parks also embody more and more its role as improving the people＇s spirit,science,education,entertainment and visiting base,which not only protects the unique natural cultural heritage,but also satisfies the needs of the contemporary people. This is the original intention of its establishment and the effort. By now,the National Park has been effectively linked parks with tourism,leisure and entertainment rights of ordinary people,and pushes the way for the protection to the two-way combination of protection and utilization.In the process of the establishment and development of National Parks,good relationships need to be dealt with. The most crucial ones are resources,the environment,and people. Although the United States National Parks has left the world with an excellent example of landscape democracy and has many successful experiences and models which lead the world,there are still many problems that have not been solved as well.For the National Park of the United States,the biggest problem currently exists is the participation of disadvantaged groups. Most of the visitors to the National Parks are white,and in general,ethnic minorities account for more than 20% of the national park visitors,although they account for nearly 40% of the population in the United States.Another problem is the indifference to the rights of the aborigines. During the establishment of the National Park,many indigenous people were forced to move away from their homeland. To some extent,the history of the construction of National Parks is also a history of many indigenous peoples fighting for their rights.The third problem is environmental damage.The National Parks environment in the United States is not always in its original state,and its protection is not always smooth sailing. For example,the famous Yellowstone National Park,Niagara Falls,and the Plattcacasso National Recreation area have encountered many environmental problems. These problems existed before and still exist now.The last issue is the management of tourists and poor service. The opening of the national parks to the public is a symbol of American democracy and progress. However,as more and more tourists enter the parks,the pressure of reception,and how to manage tourists and provide better services for tourists,become a complex and realistic problem that the park has to face now. In 2016,the national parks set a historical record of 330 million visitors. But the tight infrastructure,the lack of maintenance funds, and the shortage of search and rescue team members plague today＇s National Parks Administration.In China,we need to learn the good experience of the United States in the construction of a national park,but also pay attention to their lessons.First of all, we should emphasize national awareness in the construction of National Parks;emphasize the integrity and unity of the landscape in the name of the country,and implement vertical management.Secondly, we should attach importance to community participation. At the beginning of the National Parks construction, we should properly handle the relationship with the local people,especially the local minority residents; pay attention tothe coordinated development of the local community economy,the poverty alleviation of the community residents; and encourage the local residents to participate in the planning,construction and management of the National Parks,Thirdly,we must emphasize the importance of management of visitors. The National Parks are not natural reserves. The purpose is not simply to protect resources and the environment,but also to embody and play an important role as a recreational site. In particular,there are many tourists in China,thus we need to pay more attention to this issue.Fourthly,it should embody the function of public welfare education. In the construction of National Parks,we should attach importance to the education of the people,especially the young people,thus embody the educational function of the national parks.