秦代“良吏”的标准与人才选拔——读睡虎地秦简《语书》札记

The Standard of “Good Officials” and Talents Selection in the Qin Dynasty:Notes About Yushu of Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips

睡虎地秦简《语书》中论及"良吏"的判定标准,折射出秦王朝人才选拔标准,并且反映出秦统一前后复杂的政治军事的态势。首先,"良吏"最为突出的能力是通晓、贯彻执行秦律。其次,"良吏明法律令",秦将政治人才选拔标准凝结为"法术"一端,与秦以法治国政策不可分割。最后,"良吏"之"人臣之忠",并非道义而是利益的连接。这种君臣关系模式对秦政的影响深远。

The criterion of ＂good officials＂ mentioned in Yushu of Shuihudi Qin Bamboo Slips reflects the standard of talents selection and the complex political and military situation before and after Qin＇s unification. Firstly, the most prominent ability of ＂good officials＂ is having a good knowledge of and carrying out ＂Qin Law＂, which is embodied in the document interpreting the central and local relation. Secondly, in ＂the order of good officials being proficient in law＂, the Qin Dynasty condenses the criterion of political talents selection into one end of ＂law＂, which is inseparable from Qin＇s policy of rule of law. Finally, the loyalty of ＂good offi- cials＂ is connected with the interests, not the moral principle. This model of monarch and official relationship has a far-reaching influence on Qin＇s politics.